種類
氣壓傳動中將壓縮氣體的壓力能轉(zhuǎn)換為機(jī)械能的氣動執(zhí)行元件。氣缸有作往復(fù)直線運(yùn)動的和作往復(fù)擺動的兩類。作往復(fù)直線運(yùn)動的氣缸又可分為單作用、雙作用、膜片式和沖擊氣缸 4種。
①單作用氣缸:僅一端有活塞桿,從活塞一側(cè)供氣聚能產(chǎn)生氣壓,氣壓推動活塞產(chǎn)生推力伸出,靠彈簧或自重返回。
②雙作用氣缸:從活塞兩側(cè)交替供氣,在一個(gè)或兩個(gè)方向輸出力。
③膜片式氣缸:用膜片代替活塞,只在一個(gè)方向輸出力,用彈簧復(fù)位。它的密封性能好,但行程短。
④沖擊氣缸:這是一種新型元件。它把壓縮氣體的壓力能轉(zhuǎn)換為活塞高速(10~20米/秒)運(yùn)動的動能,借以作功。沖擊氣缸增加了帶有噴口和泄流口的中蓋。中蓋和活塞把氣缸分成儲氣腔、頭腔和尾腔三室。它廣泛用于下料、沖孔、破碎和成型等多種作業(yè)。作往復(fù)擺動的氣缸稱擺動氣缸,由葉片將內(nèi)腔分隔為二,向兩腔交替供氣,輸出軸作擺動運(yùn)動,擺動角小于 280°。此外,還有回轉(zhuǎn)氣缸、氣液阻尼缸和步進(jìn)氣缸等。
簡介
端蓋上設(shè)有進(jìn)排氣通口,有的還在端蓋內(nèi)設(shè)有緩沖機(jī)構(gòu)。桿側(cè)端蓋上設(shè)有密封圈和防塵圈,以防止從活塞桿處向外漏氣和防止外部灰塵混入缸內(nèi)。桿側(cè)端蓋上設(shè)有導(dǎo)向套,以提高氣缸的導(dǎo)向精度,承受活塞桿上少量的橫向負(fù)載,減小活塞桿伸出時(shí)的下彎量,延長氣缸使用壽命。導(dǎo)向套通常使用燒結(jié)含油合金、前傾銅鑄件。端蓋過去常用可鍛鑄鐵,現(xiàn)在為減輕重量并防銹,常使用鋁合金壓鑄,微型缸有使用黃銅材料的。
端蓋上設(shè)有進(jìn)排氣通口,有的還在端蓋內(nèi)設(shè)有緩沖機(jī)構(gòu)。桿側(cè)端蓋上設(shè)有密封圈和防塵圈,以防止從活塞桿處向外漏氣和防止外部灰塵混入缸內(nèi)。桿側(cè)端蓋上設(shè)有導(dǎo)向套,以提高氣缸的導(dǎo)向精度,承受活塞桿上少量的橫向負(fù)載,減小活塞桿伸出時(shí)的下彎量,延長氣缸使用壽命。導(dǎo)向套通常使用燒結(jié)含油合金、前傾銅鑄件。端蓋過去常用可鍛鑄鐵,現(xiàn)在為減輕重量并防銹,常使用鋁合金壓鑄,微型缸有使用黃銅材料的。
缸筒的內(nèi)徑大小代表了氣缸輸出力的大小?;钊诟淄矁?nèi)做平穩(wěn)的往復(fù)滑動,缸筒內(nèi)表面的表面粗糙度應(yīng)達(dá)到Ra0.8um。對鋼管缸筒,內(nèi)表面還應(yīng)鍍硬鉻,以減小摩擦阻力和磨損,并能防止銹蝕。缸筒材質(zhì)除使用高碳鋼管外,還是用高強(qiáng)度鋁合金和黃銅。小型氣缸有使用不銹鋼管的。帶磁性開關(guān)的氣缸或在耐腐蝕環(huán)境中使用的氣缸,缸筒應(yīng)使用不銹鋼、鋁合金或黃銅等材質(zhì)。
SMC 氣缸所設(shè)緩沖裝置種類很多,上述只是其中之一,當(dāng)然也可以在氣動回路上采取措施,達(dá)到緩沖目的。 組合組合氣缸一般指氣缸與液壓缸相組合形成的氣-液阻尼缸、氣-液增壓缸等。*,通常氣缸采用的工作介質(zhì)是壓縮空氣,其特點(diǎn)是動作快,但速度不易控制,當(dāng)載荷變化較大時(shí),容易產(chǎn)生“爬行”或“自走”現(xiàn)象;而液壓缸采用的工作介質(zhì)是通常認(rèn)為不可壓縮的液壓油,其特點(diǎn)是動作不如氣缸快,但速度易于控制,當(dāng)載荷變化較大時(shí),采用措施得當(dāng),一般不會產(chǎn)生“爬行”和“自走”現(xiàn)象。把氣缸與液壓缸巧妙組合起來,取長補(bǔ)短,即成為氣動系統(tǒng)中普遍采用的氣-液阻尼缸。氣-液阻尼缸工作原理見圖42.2-5。實(shí)際是氣缸與液壓缸串聯(lián)而成,兩活塞固定在同一活塞桿上。液壓缸不用泵供油,只要充滿油即可,其進(jìn)出口間裝有液壓單向閥、節(jié)流閥及補(bǔ)油杯。當(dāng)氣缸右端供氣時(shí),氣缸克服載荷帶動液壓缸活塞向左運(yùn)動(氣缸左端排氣),此時(shí)液壓缸左端排油,單向閥關(guān)閉,油只能通過節(jié)流閥流入液壓缸右腔及油杯內(nèi),這時(shí)若將節(jié)流閥閥口開大,則液壓缸左腔排油通暢,兩活塞運(yùn)動速度就快,反之,若將節(jié)流閥閥口關(guān)小,液壓缸左腔排油受阻,兩活塞運(yùn)動速度會減慢。這樣,調(diào)節(jié)節(jié)流閥開口大小,就能控制活塞的運(yùn)動速度??梢钥闯觯瑲庖鹤枘岣椎妮敵隽?yīng)是氣缸中壓縮空氣產(chǎn)生的力(推力或拉力)與液壓缸中油的阻尼力之差。
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